Should References Be Included on a Resume?

No, you should not include references on your resume. In most cases, employers do not expect or want references listed on your resume, and including them wastes valuable space that could be used to highlight your skills and experience. Instead, prepare a separate reference list and provide it only when the employer specifically requests it. Our breakdown of High School Resume With No Work Experience covers the related details.

This practice has shifted over time. While it was once common to list references directly on a resume, modern hiring processes and applicant tracking systems (ATS) have made it unnecessary and even counterproductive. According to career experts, references should be kept off your resume and shared later in the hiring process, typically after interviews when you are a top candidate.

Why You Should Not Put References on Your Resume

There are several compelling reasons to leave references off your resume:

• Employers don't expect them early: Hiring managers typically request references only after they have narrowed down candidates, often during the final stages of the interview process. Including them upfront is premature and can clutter your resume.
• It wastes valuable space: Your resume should be a concise marketing document focused on your qualifications. Every line counts, and references take up space that could be used for achievements, skills, or relevant experience.
• ATS compatibility issues: Many companies use applicant tracking systems to scan resumes. Nonessential information like references can confuse these systems and potentially cause your resume to be filtered out.
• Privacy concerns: If you post your resume on job boards or LinkedIn, your references' contact information could be exposed to the public, which is a breach of their privacy and unprofessional.

As noted by the University of Cincinnati, "In most cases, you do not put references on a resume unless the employer specifically asks for them." Similarly, Coursera advises, "The short answer is: never. References on your resume take up valuable space, so only share that information when the recruiter asks for it." Our breakdown of a Resume Headline? Definition and Examples covers the related details.

When Should You Provide References?

References should be provided only when the employer explicitly requests them. This usually happens after you have progressed through initial interviews and are being seriously considered for the role. At that point, you can submit a separate reference list, often as a PDF or Word document via email.

It is wise to have your reference list prepared in advance so you can respond quickly when asked. Keep it updated and ensure your references have agreed to be contacted.

How to Create a Separate Reference List

When you do provide references, use a separate document that matches the style of your resume. Include the following information for each reference:

• Full name
• Job title
• Company or organization
• Phone number
• Email address
• Your relationship to the reference (e.g., "Former Manager" or "Academic Advisor")

Here is an example format:

Jane Doe
Manager, Marketing Department
ABC Company
Internship Supervisor
555-123-4567
[email protected]

Limit your reference list to one page and include three to five references. List your strongest references first, as employers may not contact all of them.

Who Should You Choose as References?

Select people who can speak positively about your work ethic, skills, and character. Ideal references include:

• Former or current supervisors
• Colleagues or coworkers
• Professors or academic advisors (especially for recent graduates)
• Mentors or professional contacts
• Clients (if relevant)

Avoid using friends or family members, as their opinions may be seen as biased. If you lack professional experience, you can use personal references such as coaches, volunteer coordinators, or teachers who can vouch for your reliability and character.

How to Ask Someone to Be a Reference

Always ask for permission before listing someone as a reference. Approach them politely and give them enough time to consider your request. A brief email is often appropriate. In your request, include:

• The purpose of the reference (e.g., job application, graduate school)
• Why you think they would be a good reference
• What skills or experiences you hope they can speak to
• Your updated resume or a summary of your accomplishments

Express gratitude for their time and support, and keep them informed about the status of your application.

Common Questions About References on Resumes

Should I write "References available upon request" on my resume?

No, this phrase is outdated and unnecessary. Employers assume you will provide references if asked, so it only wastes space. Instead, have your reference list ready to send when requested.

How many references should I have?

Most experts recommend having three to five references. This gives employers enough options without overwhelming them. If you are early in your career, three solid references are sufficient.

Can I include references if my resume is too short?

Even if your resume is short, it is better to expand on your skills, education, or volunteer experience than to add references. Focus on making your resume stronger rather than filling space with nonessential information.

What if the employer specifically asks for references on the resume?

If the job posting explicitly instructs you to include references on your resume, follow those instructions. However, this is rare. In most cases, you can provide a separate reference list when asked.

For more detailed guidance, refer to resources from University of Cincinnati, Coursera, and Resume.io.